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editing research 21/1/19

Editing is a microelement of film making. "The activity of selecting the scenes to be shown and putting them together to create  a film." 

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quote-editing-is-where-movies-are-made-o

specifically like this quote from Joe Dante about editing because it is a way of summarising the word "editing" in a short sentence that could be understood very easily. Many films were shot poorly but were saved by the editing, whilst some other films were shot in high quality but were ruined through editing.

editing team chain of command

film editor

data manager

colourist

vfx supervisor

Editor assistants and trainees

case study ; walter murch

Walter Murch is an American editor and sound editor. He has worked with films such as Apocalypse now, Godfather I, II,  III and American Graffiti. In his book In the blink of an eye he mentions Rule of Six which is the essential components in film editing and is what quantify a good cut.

In your own words explain who is in control of film editing and what is the most important aspect according to Walter Murch and why?

types of editing 22/1/19

continuity editing

The video editor is in control of editing and according to Murch, emotions is the most important aspect an editor has to focus on while editing because it impacts the audiences’ emotional response to the film ; gratification . Even though the camera shots used in the film may be not all intensional, it enhances the emotions of the film, giving the audience a sense of verisimilitude.

A system of cutting used to maintain a continuous and clear narrative action by following a set of rules.

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Rules

  • Establishing shot

  • Shot Reverse Shot

  • 180 degrees rule

  • 30 degrees rule

  • Crosscutting

  • Match on action

  • Eyeline match

  • Re-establishing shot

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Benefits

  • The narrative has structure

  • The shot sequences flow seamlessly into others

  • Easy to watch

Radical Subjective Continuity/ DisContinuity

/Disjunctive editing

Cuts of different time and space for dramatic effect.

Spatial and temporal discontinuity. The established continuity editing rules are not followed. This can also be called ‘Visible’ editing; editing that calls attention to itself and violates the viewers expectations of continuity.

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Classical Editing

First popularized by D.W. Griffith, is used to draw viewers into the emotional content of the scene. This style jumps from ‘the master shot’ (long/wide shot), to the medium shot and then close ups

to draw the audience psychologically closer

for dramatic effect.

This style is achieved through ‘coverage’ (the process in which a scene is filmed from a variety of angles, for example ‘eye line match’ – if we see an actor refer to something off scree, this object is filmed through ‘cutaways’ – coverage of items or actions.  ‘Matched action’ – cuts happen during a major action, this adds emphasis to the action.

Thematic / Montage

editing

From the French, Monter, meaning to assemble.  MONTAGE, capitalises on our brain’s ability to associate ideas. Edits that are driven by a particular theme, it is often a rapid sequence of shots designed to elicit feelings or call upon common experiences. The cuts are motivated by a connection of ideas, not by continuity of time and space. It could be used to show the passing of time.

Soviet Montage theory

Montage is associated with Soviet cinema 1920’s, film makers especially Lev Kuleshov, V.I Pudovkin and Sergei Eistenstein.

Kuleshov’s famous experiment, which was later termed ‘The Kuleshov effect’ was a breakthrough in understanding and producing films.

The audience are likely to associate a montage of a neutral facial expression with the second shot to be what the character sees.

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Associative/abstract editing

Once again stemming from the ‘Kuleshov effect’ Associative and abstract editing focuses on a juxtaposition of two shots that when combined have meaning (but separate, they do not).

These are the 5 methods of montage Eisenstein use when he edit films, the techniques include metric, rhythmic, tonal, overtonal and intellectual or ideological

Watch the following ‘Battleship Potemkin’ clip and evaluate how effectively the meaning is communicated through the editing?

In this extract from the film Battleship Potemkin, the sense of danger, death and beliefs have been communicated through the use of continuous editing, montage editing and abstract editing. Continuity editing was used to tell the storyline of the event, looking into the emotional content of the scene. Many dramatic cuts and montage were used in order to switch between the whole scenario to what was happening in each period of time, from the mother and the shot son to the mother and the baby in the trolley was intended to be seen as chaotic and have the audience in confusion. The image of people running down the stairs inform the audience that there are danger following them, without showing the threat in the first couple scenes. Dramatic cuts were used to enhance the sense of panic and danger posed to the characters in this extract. The comparison of the scattered group of people with the orderly, parallel lines of soldiers shows that they were in control of what was happening, how they fired and walked down the stairs in unison, stepping over the dead bodies carelessly shows that they have no mercy nor concern regarding the crime they have just carried out. In the middle of manslaughter, a small group of people join together with a nun, symbolising that even in times of danger, the nun acts as the centre of religious beliefs and faith, when she was shot, it acts as a metaphor showing the loss of people’ beliefs. Even though the sudden cuts may result as the audience not being able to analyse and receive all the message created in this extract, the level of efficiency the meaning is communicated through editing is high.

Watch the following ‘Requiem For A Dream’ clip and evaluate how effectively the meaning is communicated through the editing?

In this extract from the film Requiem For A Dream, discontinuity and montage editing was used to show the process of drug addiction.  this extract shows a loop of how a person develops a drug addition and the drug trafficking industry. the repetition of montages symbolises the addiction, having to get the same dose in order to achieve the level of being “high” that is satisfying. the scene showed the effects that drugs do to a body such as expanding pupils, increased heart rate and expanded body cells, it also showed when the drug is in the bloodstream. one of the sequence showed the trafficking of drugs, how it is sold and bought by different people. the loop enhances the emotional effect on the audience, forcing them to remember the sequence of obsession over and over again. as the film continues, it was hard to differentiate the illusion and reality.

Editing process

Picture editing the the first step of our post production process. We edit the footages according to our storyboard, and put the film on display in the first assembly in order to receive feedbacks and points of improvements. After the first assembly, additional cuts will be carried out to meet the feedbacks received. This results as the final cut (picture lock) which is where no more editing takes place, and I will be moving on to sound.

first assembly 22/10/18

In our first edit, we did it quite quickly as we had time to film and edit at that time. A lot of things have been changed during filming, such as the script and types of shots used in the opening. The feedback received were mainly about the sequence of editing that were not as smooth as it can be, and colour grading. Additionally, it would be better if we have a logo / something recognisable rather than using a normal font. As the editor, I will be learning more editing techniques in order to improve our opening. 

The first assembly is based on the storyboard and is the first edit of our film. We will share it with our peers to get feedback. This feedback will then influence our decisions for future edits/cuts.

WWW

  • mood and tone established ; use of colour grading and music

  • clear emotion communicated

  • acting ; facial expression, performance, authentic and believable (verisimilitude)

  • colour grading ; desaturation create mood 

  • continuous editing ; helps to communicate certain emotions in the film

  • hooks the audience ; creates mystery (enigmatic)

  • makes the audience want to watch the whole film in order to answer questions

  • costume fits the mood and tone of film​

EBI 

  • improve in cinematography ; shot sizes, shaky camera movement

  • too “in my face”?

  • a bit claustrophobic for the audience

  • continuous music may bore audience ; felt too much like a music video?

  • recreate soundtrack

  • add sound effects to make the situation feel more real (door, flower, heels)

  • diegetic sound ; the sound the character makes

  • would felt “realer” (more authentic) if it was a full long shot ; add to creative critical reflection?

  • zoomed in too much on crying scene

  • experiment with after effects (text) to make the film more subtle

  • composition of scene

  • will it look better in black and white?

  • focus on sound & text

Second edit 27/11/18

In the second edit, I have changed the font into something that I think fits with the mood and tone of the film more, I also changed the guide music to be the theme song from "Romeo and Juliet" as I believe that it gives a stronger overall emotions compared to the previous one. 

Third edit 29/11/18

In the third edit, I have followed my teacher's recommendation and changed the opening into black and white instead of colours in order for the noises in the footages to be less noticeable .

final edit/picture lock 1/12/18

In the forth and final edit, I have changed the speed of some footages to be slower in order to create a dramatic effect and enhances the mood and tone of the opening. I have also added the logo of our production company to create a sense of branding in the opening. This is the picture lock and I will be moving on to sound effects and soundtrack.

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This is a screenshot of the editing process of my film opening.

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